Palladium

46

Pd

106.42(1)

  • Name: Palladium
  • Symbol: Pd
  • Atomic number: 46
  • Atomic weight: 106.42(1)
  • CAS Registry ID: 7440-05-3
  • Group name: Precious metal
  • Period number: 5
  • Block: d-block
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Description

Palladium is a rare transition metal that has a silvery white color in its natural solid state. It has the unique ability to absorb 900 times of its own volume in hydrogen, and will dissolve slowly in sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid. Palladium has an atomic weight of 106.42, a melting point of 2830.82 °F, and a boiling point of 5365 °F. Palladium is commonly used as a catalyst for chemical reactions, and as a component in some jewelry.

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Isolation

Palladium has been found in its natural free state in nature, but this is very rare. Most often palladium occurs in ores that contain platinum and gold; isolating palladium is a multi-step process.

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The complexity of palladium isolation is due to the fact that palladium must be separated from the gold and platinum that it occurs with. Isolation of palladium is not performed on a small laboratory basis because of the difficulties associated with its isolation processes. The first step of the process involves treating the ore with a compound containing hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. The resulting mixture contains a solution of gold, platinum, and palladium in the form of H2PdCl4.

Iron chloride is added to the solution of metals to remove the gold elements; the platinum is removed the solution through a precipitate by treating the remaining solution with ammonium chloride. Palladium is left in the solution in the form of H2PdCl4; this form of palladium is treated with ammonium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid to precipitate out the palladium in the form of PdCl2(NH3)2. Pure palladium metal is then isolated from this complex through burning off the chlorine, nitrogen, and hydrogen.


General
Name Palladium
Symbol Pd
Number 46
Chemical series transition metals
Group 10
Period 5
Block d
Appearance silvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight 106.42(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 0
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic face centered
Oxidation states 2, 4 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.20 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 804.4 kJ/mol
(more) 2nd: 1870 kJ/mol
(more) 3rd: 3177 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 169 pm
Covalent radius 131 pm
Van der Waals radius 163 pm
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 12.023  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 10.38  g·cm−3
Melting point 1828.05 K (1554.9 °C, 2830.82 °F)
Boiling point 3236 K (2963 °C, 5365 °F)
Critical point
Heat of fusion 16.74  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 362  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity (25 °C) 25.98  J·mol−1·K−1
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 105.4 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 71.8  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 11.8  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3070 m/s
Young's modulus 121  GPa
Shear modulus 44 GPa
Bulk modulus 180 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.39
Mohs hardness 4.75
Vickers hardness 461 MPa
Brinell hardness 37.3 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-05-3

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