Silver

47

Ag

107.8682(2

  • Name: Silver
  • Symbol: Ag
  • Atomic number: 47
  • Atomic weight: 107.8682(2
  • CAS Registry ID: 7440-22-4
  • Group name: Coinage metal
  • Period number: 5
  • Block: d-block
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Description

Silver is a transition metal that is characterized by its white shiny ‘silver’ color in its natural solid state. Of all the metals, silver has the highest conductivity traits for electrical and thermal applications. Silver has an atomic weight of 107.8682, a melting point of 1763.2 °F, and a boiling point of 3924 °F. Silver is most commonly used in jewelry and utensil crafts; silver is also used for electrical purposes, as a component in photographic film and mirrors, and as a catalyst for some chemical reactions.

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Isolation

Silver is found free in nature, combined with other elements such as arsenic, chlorine, and sulfur, and found in minerals ores including argentite and pyragyrite. There are various isolation procedures that can be used to obtain small and large amounts of pure silver.

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Silver is commercially obtained as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, and nickel processing. Isolation processes for silver includes using the Parkes process on lead metal, electrolytic procedures on various metals, and on a small scale using copper metal. The Parkes process uses pyrometallurgical technology to isolate silver from lead in a liquid-liquid extraction process. The first stage of the process is to melt the lead/silver compound and combine it with liquid zinc. The sliver is attracted to the zinc and forms a separate liquid layer under the top zinc layer, the liquid lead remains on the bottom. The zinc-silver solution is heated removing the zinc from the silver.

Silver is isolated from other metals such as copper and zinc using electrolytic purification of the solution of metals and electrolysis the silver with a nitrate solution. In the laboratory, silver can be isolated by dipping copper metal into a solution of silver nitrate forming pure silver crystals in a solution of copper nitrate.


General
Name Silver
Symbol Ag
Number 47
Chemical series transition metals
Group 11
Period 5
Block d
Appearance lustrous white metal
Standard atomic weight 107.8682(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Atomic properties
Crystal structure face-centered cubic
Oxidation states 1 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.93 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 731.0 kJ/mol
(more) 2nd: 2070 kJ/mol
(more) 3rd: 3361 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 160 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 165 pm
Covalent radius 153 pm
Van der Waals radius 172 pm
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 10.49  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 9.320  g·cm−3
Melting point 1234.93 K (961.78 °C, 1763.2 °F)
Boiling point 2435 K (2162 °C, 3924 °F)
Critical point
Heat of fusion 11.28  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 250.58  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity (25 °C) 25.350  J·mol−1·K−1
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 15.87 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 429  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 18.9  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) 2680  m·s−1
Young's modulus 83 GPa
Shear modulus 30 GPa
Bulk modulus 100 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.37
Mohs hardness 2.5
Vickers hardness 251 MPa
Brinell hardness 24.5 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-22-4

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