Titanium

22

Ti

47.867(1)

  • Name: Titanium
  • Symbol: Ti
  • Atomic number: 22
  • Atomic weight: 47.867(1)
  • CAS Registry ID: 7440-32-6
  • Group name: (none)
  • Period number: 4
  • Block: d-block
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Description

Titanium is one of the transition metals that has a metallic silvery in its natural solid state; this element is most well known for its anti-corrosive properties. Titanium has an atomic weight of 47.867, a melting point of 3034 °F, and a boiling point of 5949 °F. Some common uses of titanium include: as a component in lightweight metallic alloys for use in aircraft, cars, and bicycles, and as a component in parts of ships exposed to salt water.

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Isolation

Titanium is not found free in nature but is a component of minerals such as rutile and ilmentite. The Kroll process is used to isolate titanium from these minerals.

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The Kroll process is the main method that is used to isolate titanium on a large scale for industrial purposes. During this process, the ores rutile or ilmenite are reduced by heating them with coke that has been derived from petroleum sources; this reaction takes place in a fluid bed reactor at a temperature of 1832 °F. The next step involves treating the resulting liquid compound to produce titanium tetrachloride in addition to other chloride compounds; the titanium tetrachloride is separated out through fractional distillation. After this step, titanium chloride is reduced by reacting it with liquid magnesium in a stainless steel container at a temperature of approximately 1562 °F.

While pure titanium is isolated from this process, there is a problem with titanium being reduced to its lower chloride form. Magnesium and magnesium dichloride that present problems with reduction are taken out through reactions with water and hydrochloric acid; the resulting titanium sponge has to undergo repeated additional melting and crushing processes to be completely isolated.


General
Name Titanium
Symbol Ti
Number 22
Chemical series transition metals
Group 4
Period 4
Block d
Appearance silvery metallic
Standard atomic weight 47.867(1) g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 8, 4
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 2, 3, 4 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.54 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 658.8 kJ·mol−1
(more) 2nd: 1309.8 kJ·mol−1
(more) 3rd: 2652.5 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 176 pm
Covalent radius 136 pm
Van der Waals radius
Physical properties
Phase phase
Density (near r.t.) 4.506 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 4.11 g·cm−3
Melting point 1941 K (1668 °C, 3034 °F)
Boiling point 3560 K (3287 °C, 5949 °F)
Critical point
Heat of fusion 14.15 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 425 kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity (25 °C) 25.060 J·mol−1·K−1
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 0.420 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 21.9 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 8.6 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) 5090 m·s−1
Young's modulus 116 GPa
Shear modulus 44 GPa
Bulk modulus 110 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.32
Mohs hardness 6.0
Vickers hardness 970 MPa
Brinell hardness 716 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-32-6

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